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General Transcription Factor IIA, 1 (GTF2A1) in a complex along with TBP mediates transcriptional activity. GTF2A1 is a part of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and is also participates in transcriptional activation.

General Transcription Factor IIH Polypeptide 5 (GTF2H5) is a subunit of transcription/repair factor TFIIH, which serves in gene transcription and DNA repair. GTF2H5 protein stimulates ERCC3/XPB ATPase activity which triggers DNA opening during DNA repair, and is involved in the regulation of cellular levels of TFIIH. GTF2H5 gene mutations result in trichothiodystrophy, complementation group A.

GTF2E2 is vital for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in conjunction with other general factors. General Transcription Factor IIE is a heterotetramer composed of two subunits of relatively high molecular mass 57,000 (GTF2E1) and two of 34,000 (GTF2E2). GTF2E2 is necessary in conjunction with GTF2E1 for transcription initiation. GTF2E2 recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIE and TFIIH are essential for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.

General Transcription Factor IIF Polypeptide 2 (GTF2F2) is a general transcription initiation factor which binds to RNA polymerase II and helps engage it in the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. GTF2F2 promotes transcription elongation. GTF2F2 shows ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity.

In the absence of additional proteins - the general transcription factors (GTFs) RNA polymerases are unable to initiate RNA synthesis. GTFs accumulate in a complex on the DNA promoter and recruit the RNA polymerase. GTF3C family proteins are vital for RNA polymerase III to produce several small nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs, including 5S RNA, tRNA, and adenovirus-associated (VA) RNA of both cellular and viral origin.

GTF2B is one of the ubiquitous factors needed for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II preinitiation factor. GTF2B localizes to the nucleus where it forms a complex (the DAB complex) with transcription factors IID and IIA. GTF2 plays a role as a bridge between IID, which initially recognizes the promoter sequence, and RNA polymerase II. GTF2B is involved in the selection of the transcription start site.

Basic transcription factor 3 (BTF3), which is a member of the NAC-beta family, forms a stable complex with RNA polymerase II. The BTF3 protein is vital for the initiation of transcription.

TFB1M is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. TFB1M is a dimethyltransferase which methylates mitochondrial 12S rRNA at the conserved stem loop. The TFB1M protein also is part of the basal mitochondrial transcription complex and is required for mitochondrial gene expression. TFB1M stimulates transcription independently of the methyltransferase activity.

BTF3L4 is a part of the NAC-beta family which contains 1 NAC-A/B (NAC-alpha/beta) domain and required for the initiation of transcription. BTF3L4 binds to polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome and prevents their interaction with the SRP, which usually targets nascent secretory peptides to the ER. BTF3 is also a general transcription factor which forms a stable complex with RNA polymerase II.

ATF1, a cyclic-AMP dependent transcription factor, is expressed in a large selection of cell types and can dimerize with CREB. MSK1 and MSK2 protein kinases are essential for the stress-induced phosphorylation of transcription factors CREB and ATF1 in primary embryonic fibroblasts. Epidermal growth factor induction of c-jun expression needs ATF1 and MEF2 sites in the c-jun promoter.

Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a member of a family of DNA-binding proteins which includes the AP-1 family of transcription factors, cAMP-response element binding proteins and CREB-like proteins. The ATF4 gene encodes a transcription factor which was initially identified as a widely expressed mammalian DNA binding protein that could bind a tax-responsive enhancer element in the LTR of HTLV-1.

ATF3 belongs to the mammalian activation transcription factor/cAMP responsive element-binding (CREB) protein family of transcription factors. ATF3 binds the cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3'), a sequence present in numerous viral and cellular promoters. Multiple transcript variants encoding two different isoforms are known for this gene. The longer isoform represses transcription from promoters with ATF binding elements instead of activating it. The shorter isoform (deltaZip2) which stimulates transcription by sequestering inhibitory co-factors away from the promoter has no leucine zipper protein-dimerization motif and does not bind to DNA.

Transcription Factor B2, Mitochondrial (TFB2M) is an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase which specifically dimethylates mitochondrial 12S rRNA at the conserved stem loop. In addition, TFB2M is essential for basal transcription of mitochondrial DNA, most likely via its interaction with POLRMT and TFAM. TFB2M promotes transcription independently of the methyltransferase activity. TFB2M like TFB1M, activates transcription of mitochondrial DNA more effectively, whilst having less methyltransferase activity.

BATF is a nuclear basic leucine zipper protein which is a member of the AP-1/ATF superfamily of transcription factors. BATF is intensely expressed in mature T and B lymphocytes, and is up-regulated after transformation by human T-cell leukemia virus type I. BATF acts as a tissue-specific modulator of the AP-1 transcription complex in human cells. Furthermore, BATF connects with IFP35 which is a leucine zipper protein that translocates to the nucleus following IFN treatment.

TCEA1 is a member of the TFS-II family. TCEA1 binds to Pol II and operates to cleave the emerging transcript, thus unlocking the complex and permitting transcription to continue. TCEA1 is localized to the nucleus and holds three independently-folding domains that are essential for accurate binding to Pol II. The arresting sites in are able to trap a certain segment of elongating RNA polymerases that goes through, causing in a locked ternary complex. Cleavage of the emerging transcript by S-II enables the renewal of elongation from the new 3'-terminus.

TGFB-Induced Factor Homeobox 2-Like, X-Linked (TGIF2LX) belongs to the TALE/TGIF homeobox family of transcription factors and takes part in spermatogenesis. A homolog of TGIF2LX is located in the male specific region of chromosome Y, in a block of sequence which is the outcome of a large X-to-Y transposition.

YY1 Transcription Factor, also known as YY1, is a part of the GLI-Kruppel class of zinc finger proteins. YY1 has a positive and negative effect on a various cellular and viral genes by binding to sites overlapping the transcription start site. YY1 leads histone deacetylases and histone acetyltransferases to a promoter in order to activate or repress the promoter.

Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Factor ATF-Like 3 (BATF3) which is localizes to the nucleus, contains 1 bZIP domain. BATF3 functions as a negative regulator of AP-1-mediated transcription when interacting with c-Jun, particularly by heterodimerizing with c-Jun and binding to DNA response elements. BATF3 also takes part in repression of interleukin-2.

TAF10 is a small subunit of TFIID which is related to a subdivision of TFIID complexes. Studies with human and mammalian cells verified that this subunit is mandatory for transcriptional activation by the estrogen receptor, for progression through the cell cycle, and is essential for several cellular differentiation programs.

Transcription elongation factor A protein-like 8 (TCEAL8) is a member of the TFS-II family and TFA subfamily. TCEAL8 is involved in transcriptional regulation and localized in nucleus. TFS-II family members contain TFA domains and act as nuclear phosphoproteins which control transcription in a promoter context-dependent mode. Numerous family members are found on the X chromosome.

TCEAL3 belongs to the transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like (TCEAL) gene family. TCEAL family members hold TFA domains and operate as nuclear phosphoproteins which control transcription in a promoter context-dependent fashion. Various family members are situated in the X chromosome.

The GAGA factor is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, which participates in the regulation of the expression of a variety of different classes of genes in Drosophila such as many developmentally regulated genes, stress induced genes, and cell cycle regulated genes, as well as housekeeping genes. GAGA contains a C-terminal glutamine-rich domain and a highly conserved N-terminal POZ domain which reported to be involved in self-oligomerization in a number of other POZ domain containing proteins. In case of GAGA protein, the N-terminal POZ domain mediates the formation of oligomers both in vitro and in vivo.

TCEB1 (elongin C) is a subunit of elongin, which is a common transcription elongation factor that increases the RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template encoded arresting sites. The SIII complex is comprised of elongins A/A2, B and C. The SIII complex activates elongation by RNA polymerase II by curbing transient pausing of the polymerase at numerous sites within transcription units. Elongin A acts as the transcriptionally active component of the SIII complex, while elongins B and C are regulatory subunits. Elongin A2 is specifically expressed in the testis, and able to forming a stable complex with elongins B and C. The VHL (von Hippel-Lindau) tumor suppressor protein binds to elongins B and C, and thus inhibits transcription elongation.

NFATC2, also known as nuclear factor of activated T-cells 2, belongs to the nuclear factor of activated T cells family. NFATC2 takes a significant part in the course of T helper cell differentiation, activation, and effector function. Even though KO of an individual NFAT isoform in T cells directs to rather minor effects, T cells lacking for NFATC1 and 2 totally fail to produce T helper cell effector cytokines, for instance the interleukins IL-4 and IL-2. Moreover, NFATC2 is highly phosphorylated and kept in the cytoplasm. Next T cell receptor stimulation, dephosphorylation via calcium-activated calcineurin induces a conformational modification of NFATC2 which reveals a few nuclear localization sequences.