Gluteradoxin

Gluteradoxin

Gluteradoxin

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  • View Data Sheet

    Description:

    Glutaredoxin-2 E.Coli Recombinant

    Glutaredoxin-2, Grx2, grxB, b1064, JW1051.

    Product # :

    ENZ-130

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    Description

    GRXB produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 235 amino acids (1-215 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 26.5kDa.GRXB is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

    Source

    Escherichia Coli.

    Formulation

    GRXB protein solution (1mg/ml) 20mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), 1mM DTT, 10% glycerol and 50mM NaCl.

    Purity

    Greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

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    • Introduction

      Glutaredoxin-2 (GrxB) is amember of the glutaredoxin family. Glutaredoxins are small redox enzymes of approximately 100 amino-acid residues which use glutathione as a cofactor. Glutaredoxins are oxidized by substrates, and reduced non-enzymatically by glutathione. GrxB is involved in reducing some disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. GrxB doesn’t act as hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase.

    • Synonyms

      Glutaredoxin-2, Grx2, grxB, b1064, JW1051.

    • Physical Appearance

      Sterile filtered colorless solution.

    • Stability

      Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks.Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.

    • Amino Acid Sequence

      MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MKLYIYDHCP YCLKARMIFG LKNIPVELHV LLNDDAETPT RMVGQKQVPI LQKDDSRYMP ESMDIVHYVD KLDGKPLLTG KRSPAIEEWL RKVNGYANKL LLPRFAKSAF DEFSTPAARK YFVDKKEASA GNFADLLAHS DGLIKNISDD LRALDKLIVK PNAVNGELSE DDIQLFPLLR NLTLVAGINW PSRVADYRDN MAKQTQINLL SSMAI.

    ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

    Grxb Ecoli
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    Description:

    Glutaredoxin 5 Human Recombinant

    Glutaredoxin-related protein 5 mitochondrial, Monothiol glutaredoxin-5, GLRX5, C14orf87, glutaredoxin 5, GRX5, FLB4739, PR01238, PRO1238, MGC14129.

    Product # :

    ENZ-480

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    Description

    GLRX5 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 177 amino acids (1-157 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 18.8 kDa. GRX5 is fused to a 20 amino acid His Tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

    Source

    Escherichia Coli.

    Formulation

    GLRX5 solution containing 20mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH8.0), 20% glycerol and 0.1M NaCl.

    Purity

    Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

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    • Introduction

      GLRX5 is small redox enzyme of approximately 100 amino acids which uses glutathione as a cofactor. GLRX5 is a mitochondrial protein, which is evolutionarily conserved. GLRX5 is oxidized by substrates, and reduced non-enzymatically by glutathione. GLRX5 is involved in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters that are required for normal iron homeostasis. GLRX5 is necessary for normal regulation of hemoglobin synthesis by the iron-sulfur protein ACO1. Defects in the GLRX5 gene are a cause of anemia sideroblastic pyridoxine-refractory autosomal recessive (PRARSA).

    • Synonyms

      Glutaredoxin-related protein 5 mitochondrial, Monothiol glutaredoxin-5, GLRX5, C14orf87, glutaredoxin 5, GRX5, FLB4739, PR01238, PRO1238, MGC14129.

    • Physical Appearance

      Sterile filtered colorless solution.

    • Stability

      Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.

    • Amino Acid Sequence

      MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MSGSLGRAAA ALLRWGRGAG GGGLWGPGVR AAGSGAGGGG SAEQLDALVK KDKVVVFLKG TPEQPQCGFS NAVVQILRLH GVRDYAAYNV LDDPELRQGI KDYSNWPTIP QVYLNGEFVG GCDILLQMHQ NGDLVEELKK LGIHSALLDE KKDQDSK.

    ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

    Glrx5 Human
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    Description:

    Glutaredoxin-3 Human Recombinant

    Glutaredoxin-3, Thioredoxin-like protein 2, PKC-interacting cousin of thioredoxin, PKC-theta-interacting protein, PKCq-interacting protein, GLRX3, PICOT, TXNL2, GRX3, GRX4, GLRX4, TXNL3, FLJ11864, bA500G10.4.

    Product # :

    ENZ-482

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    Description

    GLRX3 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 355 amino acids (1-335 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 39.6kDa. GLRX3 is fused to a 20 amino acid His Tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

    Source

    Escherichia Coli.

    Formulation

    GLRX3 solution containing 20mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH8.0), 10% glycerol and 1mM DTT.

    Purity

    Greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

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    • Introduction

      Glutaredoxin belongs to the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase family. Glutraredoxins catalyze the reversible reduction of protein-glutathionyl mixed disulfides to free sulfhydryl groups though a monothiol mechanism. Glutaredoxin-3 (GRX3) is an important protein involved in the regulation of signal transduction, for example during immune cell activation and development of cardiac hypertrophy, apparently in response to redox signals. GRX3 interacts with PRKCQ. GRX3 may have a role in the regulation the function of the thioredoxin system. GRX3 is expressed in the heart, spleen, testis and, to a lower extent, in the thymus and peripheral blood leukocytes. GRX3 is weakly expressed in lung, placenta, colon and small intestine.

    • Synonyms

      Glutaredoxin-3, Thioredoxin-like protein 2, PKC-interacting cousin of thioredoxin, PKC-theta-interacting protein, PKCq-interacting protein, GLRX3, PICOT, TXNL2, GRX3, GRX4, GLRX4, TXNL3, FLJ11864, bA500G10.4.

    • Physical Appearance

      Sterile filtered colorless solution.

    • Stability

      Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.

    • Amino Acid Sequence

      MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MAAGAAEAAV AAVEEVGSAG QFEELLRLKA KSLLVVHFWA PWAPQCAQMN EVMAELAKEL PQVSFVKLEA EGVPEVSEKY EISSVPTFLF FKNSQKIDRL DGAHAPELTK KVQRHASSGS FLPSANEHLK EDLNLRLKKL THAAPCMLFM KGTPQEPRCG FSKQMVEILH KHNIQFSSFD IFSDEEVRQG LKAYSSWPTY PQLYVSGELI GGLDIIKELE ASEELDTICP KAPKLEERLK VLTNKASVML FMKGNKQEAK CGFSKQILEI LNSTGVEYET FDILEDEEVR QGLKAYSNWP TYPQLYVKGE LVGGLDIVKE LKENGELLPI LRGEN.

    ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

    Glrx3 Human
  • View Data Sheet

    Description:

    Glutaredoxin 2 Yeast Recombinant

    Thioltransferase, Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 2, TTR, TTR1, GLRX2, GRX2, GRX-2, GLRX-2, Glutaredoxin 2.

    Product # :

    ENZ-360

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    Description

    Glutaredoxin-2 Saccharamyces cerevisiae Recombinant containing 6x His tag at C-terminus produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain having a molecular mass of 17 kDa.

    Source

    Escherichia Coli.

    Formulation

    Glutaredoxin-2 solution contains 25mM Tris-HCl pH-7.5 & 0.01% Na Azide.

    Purity

    Purity of GRX2 is greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

    More Info

    • Introduction

      GLRX2 is a multifunctional enzyme with glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing cytosolic protein- and non-protein-disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Required for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly reducing hydroperoxides and for the detoxification of ROS-mediated damage. Glutaredoxins are a family of glutathione-dependent hydrogen donors that participate in a variety of cellular redox reactions.

    • Synonyms

      Thioltransferase, Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 2, TTR, TTR1, GLRX2, GRX2, GRX-2, GLRX-2, Glutaredoxin 2.

    • Physical Appearance

      Sterile Filtered clear colorless solution.

    • Stability

      1 week at 2-10°C. For long term store at -20 to -80°C.

    ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

    Glrx2
  • View Data Sheet

    Description:

    Glutaredoxin 2 Human Recombinant

    Thioltransferase, Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 2, TTR, TTR1, GLRX2, GRX2, GRX-2, GLRX-2, Glutaredoxin 2, CGI133.

    Product # :

    ENZ-466

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    Description

    Glutaredoxin-2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 154 amino acids (20-164 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 17 kDa. The GRX2 is fused to 9 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus.

    Source

    Escherichia Coli.

    Formulation

    Glutaredoxin-2 solution (0.5mg/ml) contains 20mM Tris-HCl Buffer (pH 8.0), 0.1mM PMSF and 10% glycerol.

    Purity

    Purity of GRX2 is greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

    More Info

    • Introduction

      GLRX2 is a multifunctional enzyme with glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing cytosolic protein- and non-protein-disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Required for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly reducing hydroperoxides and for the detoxification of ROS-mediated damage. Glutaredoxins are a family of glutathione-dependent hydrogen donors that participate in a variety of cellular redox reactions.

    • Synonyms

      Thioltransferase, Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 2, TTR, TTR1, GLRX2, GRX2, GRX-2, GLRX-2, Glutaredoxin 2, CGI133.

    • Physical Appearance

      Sterile Filtered clear colorless solution.

    • Stability

      Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.

    • Amino Acid Sequence

      MSAGWLDRAA GAAGAAAAAA SGMESNTSSS LENLATAPVN QIQETISDNC VVIFSKTSCS YCTMAKKLFH DMNVNYKVVE LDLLEYGNQF QDALYKMTGE RTVPRIFVNG TFIGGATDTH RLHKEGKLLP LVHQCYLKKS KRKEFQLEHH HHHH.

    ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

    Glrx2 Human
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    Description:

    Glutaredoxin 1 Yeast Recombinant

    Thioltransferase, GRX, GLRX1, GRX1, GRX-1, GLRX-1, Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 1, Glutaredoxin 1.

    Product # :

    ENZ-361

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    Description

    Glutaredoxin Saccharamyces cerevisiae Recombinant containing 6x His tag at C-Terminus produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain having a molecular mass of 16 kDa.

    Source

    Escherichia Coli.

    Formulation

    Glutaredoxin solution contains PBS, pH-7.5 & 0.01% Na Azide.

    Purity

    Greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

    More Info

    • Introduction

      GLRX1 has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of nadph and glutathione reductase. reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins. Glutaredoxin is a glutathione (GSH)-dependent hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase and also catalyzes glutathione-disulfide oxidoreduction reactions in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. GLRX1 is multifunctional enzyme with glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing cytosolic protein- and non-protein-disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Required for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly reducing hydroperoxides and for the detoxification of ROS-mediated damage.

    • Synonyms

      Thioltransferase, GRX, GLRX1, GRX1, GRX-1, GLRX-1, Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 1, Glutaredoxin 1.

    • Physical Appearance

      Sterile Filtered clear colorless solution.

    • Stability

      1 week at 2-10°C. For long term store at -20 to -80°C.

    ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

    Glrx1
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    Description:

    Glutaredoxin 1 Human Recombinant

    Thioltransferase, GRX, GLRX1, GRX1, GRX-1, GLRX-1, Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 1, Glutaredoxin-1, Thioltransferase-1, TTase-1, GLRX, MGC117407.

    Product # :

    ENZ-391

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    Description

    Glutaredoxin Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 106 amino acids having a molecular mass of 11.7 kDa.

    Source

    Escherichia Coli.

    Formulation

    Glutaredoxin solution (1mg/ml) contains 20mM Tris-HCl pH-8, 1mM DTT & 10% Glycerol.

    Purity

    Greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

    More Info

    • Introduction

      GLRX1 has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of nadph and glutathione reductase. reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins. Glutaredoxin is a glutathione (GSH)-dependent hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase and also catalyzes glutathione-disulfide oxidoreduction reactions in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. GLRX1 is multifunctional enzyme with glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing cytosolic protein- and non-protein-disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Required for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly reducing hydroperoxides and for the detoxification of ROS-mediated damage.

    • Synonyms

      Thioltransferase, GRX, GLRX1, GRX1, GRX-1, GLRX-1, Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 1, Glutaredoxin-1, Thioltransferase-1, TTase-1, GLRX, MGC117407.

    • Physical Appearance

      Sterile Filtered clear colorless solution.

    • Stability

      Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.

    • Amino Acid Sequence

      MAQEFVNCKI QPGKVVVFIK PTCPYCRRAQ EILSQLPIKQ GLLEFVDITA TNHTNEIQDY LQQLTGARTV PRVFIGKDCI GGCSDLVSLQ QSGELLTRLK QIGALQ.

    ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

    Glrx1 Human

About Gluteradoxin / GLRX:

Glutaredoxins are glutathione-dependent enzymes that form part of the glutathione system. They consist of around one hundred amino acids and are found in a variety of species.
The most common use of glutaredoxins is in skincare. Glutaredoxins are potent antioxidants and work in conjunction with glutathione and thioredoxin to help achieve smoother higher-quality skin.

Gluteradoxin Function
Glutaredoxin uses an active centre disulfide bond, like thioredoxin. The bond exists in either a reduced or oxidized state. The bond allows glutaredoxins to carry electrons in the synthesis of DNA by ribonucleotide reductase.
Glutaredoxin offers an antioxidant defence at the cellular level. The enzyme is able to reduce potentially harmful compounds such as the protein derived methionine sulfoxide reductase.
Glutaredoxin may also help organisms defend against hydrogen peroxide. Researchers found that overexpression of glutaredoxin (GRX) helps to the regulation of the redox state, preventing hydrogen peroxide from inducing cell death.
GRX may also protect cells from apoptoses following H202inducted oxidation. It does this by suppressing the conversion of protein phosphatase from 2A to Akt.

GLRX Interactions
GRX interacts with a variety of compounds both in vivo and in vitro. The heavy metal cadmium, for instance, is an inhibitor of GRX when present in the body.
GRX also relies heavily on the presences of other enzymes to perform its function. The enzyme depends on the presence of a variety of cofactors. When present, GRX can increase dethiolation rate vastly.

Gluteradoxin Mechanisms
Like thioredoxins, GRXs are small oxidoreductases of around 12 kD. The first time researchers identified GRXs was as a hydrogen donor to ribonucleotide reductase in model lab organisms. It was only later that their other functions were discovered and GRXs became acknowledged as an essential component of the glutathione system.
GRXs catalyze the reduction of both mixed disulfides and single-disulfides.
In the reduction of mixed disulfides, researchers believe that GRX operates using a reaction called deglutathionylation to reduce them. The mode of action of thioredoxins is different. These reduce using specific reductases while GRX is reduced by glutathione.
The mechanisms and interactions of GRXs are much less studied than thioredoxin. Most of the work on GRXs has happened in organisms that do not photosynthesize, like mammals, yeast and E.coli.
Current knowledge of the actions and mechanisms of glutaredoxin are still in development as scientists study the molecule further. It is clear that it provides crucial cell- and DNA-preserving activity, which make it an interesting study candidate.